Ganglion

Ganglion (or Baker cyst) is a benign tumour of the tendon sheet. It presents as a small, cystic, non-tender, movable, painless (generally) swelling commonly seen at the back of the wrist. It may also develop on the palm, back of the hand, fingers, elbow, ankle or even behind the knee.

The lower ends of the bones in the forearm are usually involved sites. The condition is commonly seen in middle-aged people, especially women.

The causes for the development of a ganglion is unknown but may be due to some trauma to the tendon. The fluid secreted by the tissues to lubricate a joint may leak out into the surrounding area following trauma and collect near the end of the joint, thereby giving rise to a swelling (ganglion).

Symptoms include swelling that keeps on changing its size and may appear and disappear over time. Generally, it is painless but may cause mild discomfort on movement of the joint. When painful, there is a constant dull aching sensation felt at the site. Ganglion at the back of the knee is often large and stiff.

Diagnosing the cause behind the development of a cyst is done through ultrasound. Sometimes, even MRI is used. The correct diagnosis is advisable so as to rule out any malignant growth.

Ganglion usually needs no treatment and may rupture spontaneously. Bandaging the cyst at home and applying local heat can be useful. Also, striking the swelling with a heavy book to cause its rupture is practiced traditionally (though not recommended). Recurring ganglion is thought to be a sign of impounding arthritis.

Treatment of a symptomatic, painful ganglion includes aspiration (sucking out the fluid), resection (surgerical removal) or arthroscopy. Sometimes, the ganglion needs to be treated for cosmetic purposes.

Occurrence of a ganglion cannot be prevented. Its recurrence after treatment is also high but the rate of reappearance decreases after surgical removal.