Atherosclerosis is Dangerous
June 14, 2009
Atherosclerosis is the common type of arteriosclerosis in which atheromas (plaques) containing lipids and get deposited in the arteries. The small sized arteries are spared and only medium and large sized arteries are affected. Usual age for the appearance of this condition is after 35 years and males are more affected than females.
The condition may be silently present for a long time until when the atheromas produces thrombosis, embolus or an aneurysm. Cardiovascular system is the site of affection.
The cause for development of atherosclerosis is genetic as the risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension and abnormal lipid metabolism have hereditary influence. Other factors include normal aging process, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, hard drinking water, decreased HDL cholesterol and increased LDL cholesterol etc.
Symptoms may be single or multiple and comprise of chest pain (that radiates to back), angina, anxiety, exertional dyspnoea, nocturnal cough, wheezing (on expiration), pedal oedema, palpitations, tachycardia, anaemia, dry skin, fatigue, cool extremities, cramps, vertigo, headache, diplopia and insomnia etc.
On examination, popliteal pulse is decreased or absent. Altered blood pressure (hypertension or hypotension) is seen. Toes become thin, shrunken with brittle, blue or black nails. There may be loss of hair and muscle wasting in the limbs. Swelling of foot and ankle may also be present. The signs are changeable on change of position.
Lab investigations that are necessary to diagnose atherosclerosis are cholesterol levels and lipid profile tests. Arteriography is done to know the nature and number of blocks. Other tests include angiography, x-ray and Doppler ultrasound.
To treat the condition, smoking should be stopped instantaneously. Diabetes, obesity and hypertension must be controlled through diet and drugs. Foot care must be specially encouraged along with exercise and physical fitness.
Dietary instructions include restricting saturated fat. Main content of calories should come from carbohydrates (60%) followed by fats (20%) and then proteins (10%).
Crucial steps to prevent and treat atherosclerosis include proper nutrition, physical fitness and cessation of smoking. Elimination of all risk factors should be the aim.
Surgery is the last alternative. The type of surgical intervention required depends upon the severity. These include angioplasty, by-pass grafting, and amputation etc. However, preventive measures are to be followed even after surgery.
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